TUBERCULOSIS
Tuberculosis is a communicable chronic granulomatous disease. It usually involves the lungs but may affect any organ or tissue into the body. Typically the centers
of tubercular granulomas undergo caseous necrosis (i.e. death of cells or injury or failure of the blood supply.) it i
s a very serious chronic bacterial disease and an important cause of death in the most part of the world. It is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is more common in over crowed city and slum (inhabited by poor people) areas with unhygienic conditions. Parasite mainly attacks lungs so called pulmonary tuberculosis. Extra Pulmonary tuberculosis is much less common than pulmonary. It includes meningitis, millary tuberculosis, and involvement of bones and joints, lymph nodes, kidneys, intestine, larynx or skin. Tuberculosis is the worldwide i.e. cosmopolitan in distribution. Very common in uneducated society where cigarette smoking tobacco chewing is very common.
Causative organism
Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, (tubercle bacillus). It attacks all age group but epidemics have been reported among mine workers, factory, garments and children in crowded classroom.
Mode of Transmission
a. Contact with patients with open lesions.
b. Air-borne route may be a frequent mode of spread.
c. The disease spread mostly by the throat and nasal discharge of infected man.
d. Bovine tuberculosis results from tuberculosis course.
e. Bovine tuberculosis results from ingestion of unpasteurized of milk of dairy products of tuberculosis domestic animals.
Infection
Causative organism Bacillus tuberculosis was discovered by Robert Koch in 1882. The disease chiefly affects lungs. The germs are thrown out by cough and spitting. They survive even after the sputum dries up and spread in air, the germs get entry into the lungs of a healthy individual through the respiratory tract. It can occur in any organ but especially glands in the neck (Cervical glands)
are affected. They get bigger and are called T.B. Glands. Bacteria of tuberculosis invade any part of body multiply rapidly and destroy the tissue. Lunges are the favorite site of infection where small tubercles are formed and parasite release toe a toxin called tuberculin.
Incubation Period
It is about 4 to 6 weeks. The first 6 to 12 months after infection is the most hazardous period.
Clinical Features
a. Primary infection usually goes unnoticed clinically lesion heal spontaneously, leaving no residual change except pulmonary or trachebranchial lymph node classifications, but occasionally leads to pleurisy or to dissemination of bacilli with milliard or other extra pulmonary involvement.
b. Serious manifestations develop most often in infants.
c. Other symptoms are constant coughing, chest pain, bloody sputum; low grade fever and sweating in the day and at night, loss of weight, fatigue, hoarseness of voice etc may appear.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis by roentgenogram is confirmed by demonstration of Tubercle bacilli in sputum or gastric washings, by smear concentration and culture or animal inoculation.
Treatment
a. In order to avoid multi drug resistant TB, ministry of health has lunched DOTS (Directly observed treatment short course) are very much effective.
b. DOTS programme based on six factors: rest, diet, drugs and surgery, rehabilitation and education.
c. Combination of antimicrobial drugs: Streptomycin continued for one or more years.
Prevention
1. Isolations of TB patients.
2. Avoid Smoking and working.
3. Avoid spitting on public places.
4. Burning or Buried of coughing
5. BCG (Bacillus-Calmette-Guerin) Vaccination-protection.
of tubercular granulomas undergo caseous necrosis (i.e. death of cells or injury or failure of the blood supply.) it i
s a very serious chronic bacterial disease and an important cause of death in the most part of the world. It is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is more common in over crowed city and slum (inhabited by poor people) areas with unhygienic conditions. Parasite mainly attacks lungs so called pulmonary tuberculosis. Extra Pulmonary tuberculosis is much less common than pulmonary. It includes meningitis, millary tuberculosis, and involvement of bones and joints, lymph nodes, kidneys, intestine, larynx or skin. Tuberculosis is the worldwide i.e. cosmopolitan in distribution. Very common in uneducated society where cigarette smoking tobacco chewing is very common.Causative organism
Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, (tubercle bacillus). It attacks all age group but epidemics have been reported among mine workers, factory, garments and children in crowded classroom.
Mode of Transmission
a. Contact with patients with open lesions.
b. Air-borne route may be a frequent mode of spread.
c. The disease spread mostly by the throat and nasal discharge of infected man.
d. Bovine tuberculosis results from tuberculosis course.
e. Bovine tuberculosis results from ingestion of unpasteurized of milk of dairy products of tuberculosis domestic animals.
Infection
Causative organism Bacillus tuberculosis was discovered by Robert Koch in 1882. The disease chiefly affects lungs. The germs are thrown out by cough and spitting. They survive even after the sputum dries up and spread in air, the germs get entry into the lungs of a healthy individual through the respiratory tract. It can occur in any organ but especially glands in the neck (Cervical glands)
are affected. They get bigger and are called T.B. Glands. Bacteria of tuberculosis invade any part of body multiply rapidly and destroy the tissue. Lunges are the favorite site of infection where small tubercles are formed and parasite release toe a toxin called tuberculin.Incubation Period
It is about 4 to 6 weeks. The first 6 to 12 months after infection is the most hazardous period.
Clinical Features
a. Primary infection usually goes unnoticed clinically lesion heal spontaneously, leaving no residual change except pulmonary or trachebranchial lymph node classifications, but occasionally leads to pleurisy or to dissemination of bacilli with milliard or other extra pulmonary involvement.
b. Serious manifestations develop most often in infants.
c. Other symptoms are constant coughing, chest pain, bloody sputum; low grade fever and sweating in the day and at night, loss of weight, fatigue, hoarseness of voice etc may appear.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis by roentgenogram is confirmed by demonstration of Tubercle bacilli in sputum or gastric washings, by smear concentration and culture or animal inoculation.
Treatment
a. In order to avoid multi drug resistant TB, ministry of health has lunched DOTS (Directly observed treatment short course) are very much effective.
b. DOTS programme based on six factors: rest, diet, drugs and surgery, rehabilitation and education.
c. Combination of antimicrobial drugs: Streptomycin continued for one or more years.
Prevention
1. Isolations of TB patients.
2. Avoid Smoking and working.
3. Avoid spitting on public places.
4. Burning or Buried of coughing
5. BCG (Bacillus-Calmette-Guerin) Vaccination-protection.
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